Siena

The Historic Centre of Siena is a well-preserved late medieval town.

The city derived its wealth from banking activities; as the capital of the Republic of Siena, it also was the main rival of Florence, with which it disputed over territorial expansion. Its urban fabric, size and artistic identity distinguish Siena from other medieval urban centres in Italy. The unity of design of its architecture is characterized by a distinctive Gothic style.

Community Perspective: Siena is a bit larger than your average Tuscan town. Highlights include the shell-shaped Piazza del Campo and the Duomo with its striped bell tower, but most admire it for its overall consistency in its architecture and urban plan.

Map of Siena

Community Reviews

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Matejicek

Czechia - 24-Aug-21 -

While Florence is more about the treasures of art and particular landmarks, I admire Siena as the prototype of Italian medieval town, and I could imagine to live there for a certain time. What I like is that Siena is an urban landscape and cannot be reduced to Piazza del Campo and Piazza del Duomo. Do not take me wrong: the interiors of Palazzo Pubblico are wonderful, the views from Torre del Mangia breath-taking, the atmosphere of Piazza del Campo amazing, and the appearance of Duomo with the Piccolomini library is not of this world (PHOTO). But you can walk to S Domenigo, or to S Francesco, or even to any small side-street to really enjoy Siena....

I have been to Siena 4 or 5-times, but I have never stayed overnight, which I would like to do as soon as possible!

Nan

Germany - 05-Apr-18 -

As a stopover on my way from San Gimignano to the Val d'Orcia I had an hour or so to kill in Siena. I had been before twice, but still looked forward again at the chance to have another peek at Siena.

The previous time I had visited my original plan had been to also tick off San Gimignano the same day. But when faced with the choice on skipping on the Duomo in order to catch my train to San Gimignano or staying in Siena for the rest of the day I fortunately went all in and stayed. It was well worth it and I would encourage you to do the same.

Siena to me is the quintessential Tuscan city world heritage site. Pisa may have the most iconic construction in the Leaning Tower and the Piazza del Duomo, Florence the greater collection of individual sites in the Duomo, the Uffici and the Ponte Vecchia, San Gimignano and Pienza the more picturesque location. But none offer anywhere near the same level of consistency or size that Siena offers all the while not being short on stellar sites itself: the Duomo of Siena, the Campanile, ... there is plenty here to take in. Interestingly, Siena feels a lot less touristy than any of the other Tuscan cities. I would guess it's a combination of the relatively large size and the lesser publicity it gets.

Getting There

Siena is connected by train to Florence and Pisa. On weekdays there are also direct busses to San Gimignano. Alternatively, you can take the train to Poggibonsi and catch a bus there. Via Grosseto you should also be able to get to Tarquinia.

If you plan to head to Val d'Orcia and Pienza there are some busses but these don't run all that frequently, especially on weekends and holidays. In my case I took the train to Buonconvento where I stayed for the night before taking the first bus to San Quirico the next morning.

The Siena train station is quite far outside of the city center, up the hill, then down the escalades. Plan sufficient time to get there (20min).

Jay T

USA - 30-Oct-16 -

Siena served as a scheduled rest stop during my tour of mainland Europe in the fall of 2003, and I thoroughly enjoyed my few days of relaxation and exploration in the town. Siena is probably most well-known for its annual Palio races, held twice a year at the Piazza del Campo in the center of town. On my first night in Siena I realized why the neighborhood where I was staying was festooned with green and orange flags and banners; the contrade (or district), called Selva, had won the Palio in July, and they were celebrating with a feast in the square below. Siena is composed of 17 contrade, and over the next couple of days I spent time wandering the narrow, winding streets of each neighborhood, looking for flags or seals marking their contrade. In the center of town was the amazing Piazza del Campo with its town hall and Torre del Mangia. The views of the fan-shaped piazza and the surrounding town and countryside from the tower were spectacular. Other explorations in town led me to city walls, cisterns, and churches; I particularly appreciated the rich interior and exterior of the Siena Cathedral, with its distinctive black and white striped bell tower. Siena is a beautiful town that I would love to return to some day.

Logistics: Siena can be reached by train, bus, or automobile from other major cities in Italy. The town itself is worth exploring extensively on foot.

Jeanette Shumaker

US - 12-Jul-15 -

Siena's black and white striped cathedral imparts a joyous, partyish feeling inside and out. Inside the cathedral, the Bernini statues of the Magdalen and St. Jerome who are lost in mystic ecstasy are incredibly beautiful. The interior of the cathedral is much more spectacular than Florence's.

We loved the pan fuerte, Siena's special fruitcake, too.

Clyde

Malta - 07-Sep-12 -

I visited this WHS in May 2003. The heart of the medieval city of Siena is Piazza del Campo where the local Palio takes place.

Els Slots

The Netherlands - 04-Feb-09 -

With over 50,000 inhabitants, Siena is quite a bit larger than the other medieval towns in Tuscany. Although it also has been preserved well, I found it a lot harder to like (even tacky in some parts). I had to walk for about 20 minutes from one of the parking lots that surround the city center and are aimed at handling loads of tourists (and their buses) in the summertime. Parking at the Stadium is much closer, though not free.

My first glimpse of something grand was at the Baptistry, an enormous white-and-black marble building. It is adjacent to the splendid Duomo. This cathedral has an overly decorated gothic facade, and a striped bell tower almost like a minaret. Its dome is under construction at the moment and covered up. The colours black and white are used all over the design of the Duomo, as they are the colours of Siena's coat of arms.

The shell-shaped Piazza del Campo undoubtedly is the highlight of Siena. The square houses several monumental buildings, like the Palazzo Pubblico. It is also the place where the Palio horse race is run twice a year. I've watched that spectacle on TV once, and it is hard to imagine the crowds and the nervous horses at this so gentle public square. A sight not to be missed there is the 15th century Fonte Gaia, a fountain that is adorned on three sides with bas-reliefs.

Ann Reeves

USA - 12-Nov-08 -

It has been awhile since I visited charming Siena but there wasn't much posted on it so decided to give some input using my scrapbook to jog my memory. The town, is marvelous and the Duomo is fantastic with it's stunning mosaic floors. It's always so incredible to view Europe's amazing architecture. The highlight of our visit to Siena was having lunch at Antica Osteria "Da Divo". It is on Via Fanciosa close to the Piazza del Campo. The atmosphere with Etruscan vaults and nooks and crannies is terrific, and the food was the best we experienced on the entire trip to Italy, and that is saying something!! We ate our way through every city. The marketplace was fun and we enjoyed exploring the typical narrow cobblestone streets twisting here and there filled with delightful little shops and businesses. I can see why it is described as the heart of Tuscany.

Graeme Ramshaw

01-May-05 -

Siena, the perennial rival of Florence, may not equal its neighbour to the north in sheer artistic achievement, but its charm and exuberance is all its own. The center of town is dominated by the Piazza del Campo around which every summer the Palio, a no-holds-barred horse race, is run to the delight of locals and tourists alike. Siena is also home to an unusual cathedral, which still sports the initial foundations of a massive planned expansion of the building that was cut short by the arrival of the plague. And of course, all of this is best seen while munching on one of the local ricciarelli, almond-based cookies.

Klaus Freisinger

Austria - 01-May-05 -

I seem to be one of the few people who like Siena less than Florence, but since I like Florence a lot, that doesn't mean that Siena is not a very nice city and a great place to visit. The unique cathedral and the stunning Piazza del Campo make Siena special and I would gladly return there to see more of it.

Community Rating

108 Votes 4.12 Score

Site History

1995 Inscribed

Site Links

Unesco Website

Historic Centre of Siena

Official Website

Discover Tuscany: Siena

In the News

Torre Del Mangia in Siena catches fire (2017.08.18)

Locations

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Siena

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Art and Architecture

Gothic: Cathedral and Public Palace

Mosaic art: Mosaic floor of the Duomo

Created by Michelangelo: Several sculptures at the cathedral

Gold Surfaces: Siena's golden mosaic at facade of Duomo

Carrara marble: Duomo

Rococo: Synagogue - "represents one of the few examples of architecture between Rococo and Neoclassicism"

Brick architecture: Palazzo Pubblico among numerous other buildings

Designed by Luigi Vanvitelli: Saint Augustin's Church

Baroque: The Chigi Chapel in the Cathedral, the Chapel of the Madonna del Rosario, San Donato, Oratory of Sant'Antonio da Padova, Santa Maria in Provenzano, among others

Domes: Siena Cathedral: "The dome rises from a hexagonal base with supporting columns. The dome was completed in 1264." (wiki)

Gothic Revival: Piazza Salimbeni: "The palace façades were harmonized to a neo-gothic-style during the nineteenth century by the architect Giuseppe Partini."

Neoclassical architecture: The Neoclassical facade of the San Cristoforo church in Piazza Tolomei, Collegio Tolomei, Palazzo Incontri, among others.

Octagons: "The Siena Cathedral Pulpit is an octagonal structure in Siena Cathedral sculpted by Nicola Pisano and his assistants".

Renaissance: "Criterion (iv): The structure of the town and its evolution, uninterrupted over the centuries, along with a unity of design that has been preserved, has made Siena one of the most precious examples of the medieval and Renaissance Italian town." (Official description) Siena has several Renaissance style buildings, e.g. Palazzo Bandini-Piccolomini, Palazzo Chigi alla Postierla, Loggia del Papa, Palazzo Piccolomini

Romanesque: The west façade of Siena Cathedral combines "elements of French Gothic, Tuscan Romanesque architecture, and Classical architecture". "The lower portion of the façade is (...) built in Tuscan Romanesque style."

Urban fabric: "The city is a masterwork of dedication and inventiveness in which the buildings have been designed to fit into the overall planned urban fabric and also to form a whole with the surrounding cultural landscape." (Official description)

Replicas within the WHS: "Almost all the statuary adorning the cathedral today are copies. The originals are kept in the Crypt of the Statues in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo."

Constructions

Walled cities

Hospitals: Santa Maria della Scala - "one of Europe's first hospitals and is one of the oldest hospitals still surviving in the world" (wiki)

Magic Squares: At the wall of the Duomo of Siena (letters, a SATOR square)

Music Academies: Chigiana Academy of Music, located in one of the finest in builidings in Siena and containing a splendid art collection (Chigi Saracini Collection)

Unfinished constructions: Duomo: After the completion of the transept and the building of the east wall, the money ran out and the rest of the planned cathedral was abandoned.

Tower-houses: "In addition to the walls, the property includes many other important original elements such as (...) the residences including palaces and towerhouses." (Official description)

Monumental Fountains: Fount Gaia, Fount Branda, Fount Ovile and Pispini Fountain

Freestanding Bell Tower: Torre del Mangia

Theatres and Opera Houses: Teatro dei Rinnovati at the Palazzo Pubblico

Cisterns

Clock Tower: Torre del Mangia: originally a bell tower, a clock on the lower part of the shaft was added in 1360

Loggia: Loggia del Papa

Prison: According to a legend, Saint Ansanus was jailed in the tower adjacent to the Church of the Jail of Sant'Ansano. "However a problem with the story is that the tower likely dates from the 13th century, hence was unlikely to have existed as such during the 4th-century rule of Diocletian during which Sant'Ansano was martyrdom."

History

Etruscans: First settled by Etruscans

Located in a Former Capital: Republic of Siena, 1115-1555

Via Francigena: "The development of the medieval town coincided with the route of the Via Francigena, taken by pilgrims on their way to Rome, becoming fixed around the year 1000." (AB Ev)

Assassinations: "Among the most notable members of the Tolomei family was Pia Tolomei, who lived in the thirteenth century. In 1295, however, she was supposedly murdered by her Guelph husband from the Maremma, who wished to remarry. Her story was popular in the 19th century as a symbol of faithfulness to principles in the face of treachery and self-interest. Gaetano Donizetti made her the subject of his tragic opera, "Pia de' Tolomei". She was initially immortalized by Dante, who encounters her in Purgatory:"

Knights Hospitaller: Chiesa di San Pietro alla Magione: "With the suppression of the Templars in 1312, the church passed to the Knights Hospitallers who subsequently assumed the title of Order of the Knights of Malta."

Knights Templar : Chiesa di San Pietro alla Magione: "Attested since 998, the church belonged to the Knights Templar since the 12th century, as evidenced by a document dated 1148. The Templars kept a hospice for pilgrims ("la Magione") from which the church took its name."

Medici: "Philip Il offered Siena to Cosimo I de' Medici, who merged it into his Grand Duchy of Tuscany while respecting its autonomy." (AB Ev) "To the west, the walls embrace the Fort of Santa Barbara that was rebuilt by the Medici in 1560 and finished in 1580." (Official description) "Siena's Fortezza Medicea (the Medici Fortress sometimes called the Fort of Saint Barbara) is a fort built in the city between 1561 and 1563 on the orders of Duke Cosimo, a few years before he became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany."

Popes: "The prestige of Siena was restored in 1457, when its Bishop, Enea Silvio Piccolomini, was elected Pope under the title of Pius II." (AB Ev) + Siena Cathedral: "In December 1058 a synod was held in this church resulting in the election of pope Nicholas II and the deposition of the antipope Benedict X."

Sieges and Battles: Siena was besieged during the Italian War of 1551–1559: "In January 1554, the Spanish started besieging the city of Siena. (...) After an 18-month-long siege, Siena fell to Spanish forces on 15 April 1555. (...) the territory of the Republic of Siena was fully annexed to the Duchy of Florence under Cosimo I de' (...) and eventually became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569)."

Human Activity

Grand Tour

Frescoes or murals by famous painters: Public Palace by Simone Martini, Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Duccio di Buoninsegna, Sodoma, Vecchietta and Domenico Beccafumi, Cathedral by Pinturicchio, Santa Maria della Scala Hospital by Vecchietta, Saint Augustin's Church by Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Francesco di Giorgio Martini and Luca Signorelli, Arch of the Two Gates by Baldassarre Peruzzi, Santa Maria dei Servi Basilica by Pietro Lorenzetti, Saint Francis's Church by Pietro Lorenzetti and Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Saint Bernardin's Oratory by Sodoma and Domenico Beccafumi, Santa Caterina in Fontebranda Oratory by Sodoma, Saint Dominic's Basilica by Sodoma

Historical Financial Institutions: Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena S.p.A., the oldest surviving bank since 1472. Located in Palazzo Salimbeni.

Oldest companies: "Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena S.p.A." Oldest continously operating Bank in the world. Founded in 1472, originaally on "charitable principles" as a pawnbroker with the aim of covering its operating costs whilst avoiding usury.

Traditional sports and games: Palio di Siena, a horse race that is held twice each year

Invention of sweets and pastries: Ricciarelli: "traditional Italian biscuits – specifically, a type of macaroon – originating in 14th century Siena. It is considered one of the signature sweets of Siena".

Irrigation and drainage: "Also of note are the city's fountains that continue to be fed by an extensive system of original tunnels." (Official description) "The walls themselves (...) also include part of the 25 km network of galleries, the bottini, which evacuate the spring waters distributed by the public fountains." (AB Ev) (

Textiles: The Fontebranda fountain "was built in the 13th century by the Guild of the Wool-makers (Lana)." One of its uses was "to wash clothes, especially the textiles made by Arte della Lana (Guild of Wool-makers)".

Individual People

Goethe: Italian Journey

Charles V: After the Petrucci era "internal strife resumed (...). Emperor Charles V took advantage of the chaotic situation to put a Spanish garrison in Siena. From 1529 until 1541 the republic was governed by Alfonso Piccolomini. The citizens expelled it in 1552, allying with France: this was unacceptable for Charles, who sent his general Gian Giacomo Medici to lay siege to it with a Florentine-Imperial army."

Simone Martini: Martini was born in Siena. Several frescoes, among which his "Maestà", are in the Palazzo Pubblico.

Frederick Barbarossa: "ln 1186 the Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederic I confirmed the independence of the city and granted it the rights of electing its own consuls and minting its own coins." (AB Ev)

Donatello: Donatello was one of the artists who completed works in the cathedral. The cathedral houses a bronze relief sculpture called "The Feast of Herod" and a bronze sculpture of St. John the Baptist. (wiki)

Religion and Belief

Cathedrals: Cat di S Maria Assunta

Legends and Folk Myths: According to legend, Siena was founded by Senius, son of Remus, who was in turn the brother of Romulus, after whom Rome was named. Statues and other artwork depicting a she-wolf suckling the young twins Romulus and Remus can be seen all over the city of Siena.

Jewish religion and culture: Synagogue (1786) in the via delle Scotte

Female Christian Mystics: (St) Catherine of Siena (1347-80). Her head and right thumb are in the Basilica San Domenico.

Augustinian Order: The construction of Sant'Agostino church and the adjoining convent was started in 1258 by the Augustinian Order.

Benedictines: Santo Spirito was passed to the Benedictines in 1440. They were the first to build a library. After, the site was ceded to the Dominicans.

Carmelites: San Niccolò al Carmine: "A church and convent of the Carmelites developed at the site and was documented since about 1265."

Cistercian: "Siena doubtless benefited from the experience of the monks of the Cistercian abbey of San Galgano." "The Cistercian monks of the abbey of San Galgano (...) led the work at the cathedral between 1258 and 1314." (AB Ev)

Dominican Order: The Basilica of San Domenico

Franciscan Order: The construction of the original Basilica of San Francesco was financed by the Franciscan Order.

Jesuit Order: The Collegio Tolomei, founded in 1676, was "run as a seminary by the Jesuits and targeted youth from the noble families in Siena", until the suppression of the Jesuit order in 1773.

Marian Shrines: Siena Cathedral is "dedicated from its earliest days as a Roman Catholic Marian church, and now dedicated to the Assumption of Mary."

Nunneries: Santa Marta is a former Augustinian convent for nuns, founded in 1328.

Religious Relics: The Basilica of San Domenico "contains several relics of St. Catherine of Siena, whose family house is nearby."

Servite Order: The Santa Maria dei Servi "is built on the site of the former Church of San Clement, which was acquired by the Servite order in the Medieval era."

Votive churches: The church of San Giorgio was built on a previous structure and dedicated to San Giorgio in thanksgiving for the victory achieved by the Sienese in the famous battle of Montaperti.

Replica in Mini-Europe

Location for a classic documentary: Palio (2015)

Hotels in Historic Buildings: Multiple examples, e.g. Il Chiostro del Carmine, in a former Carmelite convent

Modern Board Games: Comuni (2008) - Players "interpret" Italian cities.

WHS Hotspots

Tuscany hotspot:

WHS on Other Lists

Europa Nostra 7 Most Endangered: Synagogue of Siena (2024)

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716 Community Members have visited.

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World Heritage Site

for World Heritage Travellers

Siena

Map of Siena

Community Reviews

Matejicek

Nan

Getting There

Jay T

Jeanette Shumaker

Clyde

Els Slots

Ann Reeves

Graeme Ramshaw

Klaus Freisinger

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Site Info

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Site History

1995 Inscribed

Site Links

Unesco Website

Official Website

In the News

Locations

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Art and Architecture

Constructions

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Timeline

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The Plaque